Security Policy & Defence

Feminist international relations theory posits that gender inequalities transcend borders. Consequently, adopting a feminist lens on international relations is merited. In doing so, gender norms are identified and challenged. For example, the focus on states in international relations is the product of a male-dominated state apparatus. Hence, feminist international relations theorists go beyond states, including various non-state actors, in their analysis of international relations.

• Trump’s second-term immigration policies reflect intensified enforcement, provoked legal challenges, and spurned debates over constitutional and civil rights

• Increased deportations have had severe domestic consequences, provoking widespread protests, state defiance, and raising alarm in US immigrant communities

• Regional impacts have been felt on neighbouring countries like Canada, Mexico, and El Salvador while globally, other nations are raising awareness about the US’ hardline policies

• How is the commercialization of space affecting global space governance?

• The rise of private space actors has transformed space from a state-led domain to a commercial frontier, creating challenges in regulation, security, and sustainability.

• Effective transnational governance is thus imperative to manage space responsibly, balancing innovation with security and environmental protection.

1. How can European states improve regional security cooperation against emerging threats? 2. A trilateral model combining NATO, the EU, and NORDEFCO offers more agile and localized defense capabilities. 3. Institutionalizing this model would enhance Europe’s resilience through interoperable and complementary security strengths.

How can private equity, through firms like Speer Group, strengthen European defence cooperation? 2. By filing a critical gaps in early-stage defence ventures, Speer Group fosters innovation, interoperability and strategic autonomic across Europe. 3. Speer Group positions itself as a key neutral actor enhancing Europe's resilience and security in a multipolar and increasingly unstable geopolitical environment.

1. What influences have the United-States on the development of the European Defence Policy ? 2. The American influence on the development of European policy in recent years, the present developments and future prospects. 3. These approaches give us a better understanding of some of the issues at stake in the development of European security policy.

1. European Nuclear Umbrella - Macron's proposal is based on growing concerns regarding US credibility in NATO. The proposal is politically strong yet regarding capabilities Europe still cannot match the US. 2. Macron's proposal vs. NPT - the extension of the French nuclear deterrent, especially regarding nuclear weapon sharing proposed by Macron undermines to some extent the efforts of NPT 3.Is the plan feasible? - given European current arsenal in numbers, the US is still indispensable.

1. How can we maximize the societal benefit of increasing defence expenditure? 2. There is a positive correlation between higher defence expenditure and overall public R&D expenditure. 3. The EU needs to strengthen the interconnectedness of the defence and civilian sector to maximize innovative spillover effects that result from an increase in defence R&D.

1. What cyber capability gaps does the EU grapple with? 2. The EU lacks operational coherence, offensive capabilities, and personnel infrastructure to combat complex cyberthreats. Institutional fragmentation, national sovereignty concerns, and an overreliance on civilian regulation hinder cybersecurity policy and legal development. 3. To become a credible and effective cyberpower, the EU must improve coordination, invest in technical and human skills, and become more assertive.

While strategic autonomy remains a key ambition, Europe‘s defence still largely depends on transatlantic cooperation, making full independence unlikely in the near future. Europe position itself between U.S pressure and strategic autonomy? Europe is increasingly seeking to develop its own defense capabilities and reduce dependency. 3.While strategic autonomy remains a key ambition, Europe‘s defence still depends on transatlantic cooperation.

This article compares asymmetries in European and Russian long-range missile arsenals and concludes that Europe has significant capability gaps in three main areas: range, platform diversity and redundancy, and, lastly, insufficient means to deliver nuclear payloads. Although important steps have been taken to tackle some of these challenges at an incredible pace, it remains to be seen, whether the actual capability output will arrive in time to deter Russia credibly.

1. How does Donald Trump’s rhetoric challenge the foundational Westphalian principles underpinning the Western alliance?, 2. Trump’s rhetorical imperialism, seen in his statements on Greenland and Canada, undermines the transatlantic norm of territorial integrity and reveals a shift from collective security to unilateralism, 3. Europe must confront this erosion by pursuing strategic autonomy to uphold the postwar order.