Facing the Geoeconomic Reality

Main Question: How can Europe make its critical raw materials (CRMs) supply chain more resilient amid geopolitical and economic challenges? Argument: Europe’s heavy reliance on China and unstable resource-rich countries for CRMs threatens its defence and energy transition goals. Conclusion: Europe must mobilize financial incentives, risk guarantees, and foster private investment abroad to secure an integrated and autonomous CRM supply chain.